Catalogue Overview, Version 13, 21st October 2026

On the 19th of August 2025, the version 12 of the ISC-GEM Catalogue was publicly released. The release marked the end of the third year of the ISC-GEM Improvement Project .

During this year we reassessed 5,265 earthquakes during 1971-1983 after adding station data, particularly to improve their surface wave magnitude (MS) estimation. As result of the data added during 1971-1983 from stations bulletins (over 46,0000 readings from 45 stations, largerly from the Chinese Network), 2135 earthquakes that occurred in these years are listed for the first time in the catalogue. Furthermore, the catalogue has been extended to the end of 2021, which now includes 2009 earthquakes with Mw down to 5.0 globally.

Details about changes to the catalogue are listed in the update log.

Fig. 1 shows the ISC-GEM locations with symbols according to Agnew (2014) as obtained from the procedure described in Bondár et al. (2015). One feature that makes the ISC-GEM Catalogue a unique product is that the locations are achieved by the same location technique and velocity model (ak135) and comes with uncertainties for each focal parameter.

Fig.1: map showing the earthquakes listed in the Version 12 of the ISC-GEM Catalogue (about 74,100 earthquakes, see also Fig.2). The symbols are plotted according to Agnew (2014) and colour coded according to the ISC-GEM depth.

Fig. 2 shows the current time-magnitude distribution of the ISC-GEM Catalogue (1904-2021).

On the 25th of June 2024, the version 11 of the ISC-GEM Catalogue was publicly released. The release marked the end of the second year of the ISC-GEM Improvement Project .

During this year we have reassessed 1,678 earthquakes during 1964-1970 after adding station data, particularly to improve their surface wave magnitude (MS) estimation. As result of the data added during 1964-1970 from stations bulletins, 642 earthquakes that occurred in these years are listed for the first time in the catalogue. Furthermore, the catalogue has been extended to the end of 2020, which now includes 1581 earthquakes with Mw down to 5.0 globally.

Details about changes to the catalogue are listed in the update log.

Fig. 1 shows the ISC-GEM locations with symbols according to Agnew (2014) as obtained from the procedure described in Bondár et al. (2015). One feature that makes the ISC-GEM Catalogue a unique product is that the locations are achieved by the same location technique and velocity model (ak135) and comes with uncertainties for each focal parameter.

Fig.1: map showing the earthquakes listed in the Version 11 of the ISC-GEM Catalogue (about 71,100 earthquakes, see also Fig.2). The symbols are plotted according to Agnew (2014) and colour coded according to the ISC-GEM depth.

Fig. 2 shows the current time-magnitude distribution of the ISC-GEM Catalogue (1904-2020).

On the 21st of March 2023, the version 10 of the ISC-GEM Catalogue was publicly released. The release marked the end of the first year of the ISC-GEM Improvement Project .

During this year we added to the catalogue: a) 18,576 earthquakes that occurred between 1976 and 2018 and with direct Mw from GCMT between 5.0 and 5.5 (hence complementing the continental earthquakes down to magnitude 5 added in previous versions); b) 1663 earthquakes that occurred in 2019 with Mw down to 5.0 globally. Finally, we have updated the Mw for three earthquakes using recent results from the literature. The list of publications used to retrieve direct seismic moments and source mechanisms is available at http://www.isc.ac.uk/iscgem/mw_bibliography.php.

Details about changes to the catalogue are listed in the update log.

Fig. 1 shows the ISC-GEM locations with symbols according to Agnew (2014) as obtained from the procedure described in Bondár et al. (2015). One feature that makes the ISC-GEM Catalogue a unique product is that the locations are achieved by the same location technique and velocity model (ak135) and comes with uncertainties for each focal parameter.

Fig.1: map showing the earthquakes listed in the Version 10 of the ISC-GEM Catalogue (about 69,000 earthquakes, see also Fig.2). The symbols are plotted according to Agnew (2014) and colour coded according to the ISC-GEM depth.

Fig. 2 shows the current time-magnitude distribution of the ISC-GEM Catalogue (1904-2019).

Catalogue Overview, Version 9.1, 27 June 2022

Updated evid 906454 (origin time = 1932-11-13 04:46:59) which erroneously listed an Mw proxy = 8.7 based on mb from 3 stations. Mw proxy now deprecated and event listed in the supplementary file with magnitude quality flag = D. We are grateful to colleagues at USGS for pointing out this rogue magnitude.

On the 15th of March 2022, the version 9.0 of the ISC-GEM Catalogue was publicly released. The release marked the end of the fourth year of the Advancement Project .

During this year we added to the catalogue a) 922 earthquakes that occurred in 2018 and 5929 shallow earthquakes between 1976 and 2017 that have occurred within 50 km of coastline with Mw from GCMT between 5.0 and 5.5 b) 91 source mechanisms (in form of moment tensors and/or fault planes) from the literature for earthquakes between 1915 and 1989. The list of publications used to retrieve direct seismic moments and source mechanisms is available at http://www.isc.ac.uk/iscgem/mw_bibliography.php.

We also improved the location and/or magnitude for 127 earthquakes as a result of the ISC Bulletin rebuild work (Storchak et al., 2017, 2020) and completion of the ISC-EHB dataset (Engdahl et al., 2020). Additional changes to the catalogue are listed in the update log.

Fig. 1 shows the ISC-GEM locations with symbols according to Agnew (2014) as obtained from the procedure described in Bondár et al. (2015). One feature that makes the ISC-GEM Catalogue a unique product is that the locations are achieved by the same location technique and velocity model (ak135) and comes with uncertainties for each focal parameter.

Fig.1: map showing the earthquakes listed in the Version 9.0 of the ISC-GEM Catalogue (about 49,000 earthquakes, see also Fig.2). The symbols are plotted according to Agnew (2014) and colour coded according to the ISC-GEM depth.

Fig. 2 shows the current time-magnitude distribution of the ISC-GEM Catalogue (1904-2018).

Catalogue Overview, Version 8.0, 06 April 2021

On the 6th of April 2021, the version 8.0 of the ISC-GEM Catalogue was publicly released. The release marked the end of the third year of the Advancement Project.
During this year we added to the catalogue a) about 2,500 earthquakes during 1991-1999 and 2017. About 1000 of those earthquakes are continental events with magnitude ≤ 5.5; b) 448 source mechanisms (in form of moment tensors and/or fault planes) from the literature for earthquakes between 1906 and 2013. The list of publications used to retrieve direct seismic moments and source mechanisms is available at http://www.isc.ac.uk/iscgem/mw_bibliography.php.
We also reprocessed 900 earthquakes between 1920 and 1945 after adding readings (mostly surface wave amplitude and period measurements) from individual station bulletins that were donated to the ISC from the University of Stuttgart (we are grateful to Rudolf Widmer-Schnidrig of the Black Forest Observatory for making this possible). Additional changes to the catalogue are listed in the update log.

Fig. 1 shows the ISC-GEM locations with symbols according to Agnew (2014) as obtained from the procedure described in Bondár et al. (2015). One feature that makes the ISC-GEM Catalogue a unique product is that the locations are achieved by the same location technique and velocity model (ak135) and comes with uncertainties for each focal parameter.

Fig.1: map showing the earthquakes listed in the Version 8.0 of the ISC-GEM Catalogue (about 42,000 earthquakes, see also Fig.2). The symbols are plotted according to Agnew (2014) and colour coded according to the ISC-GEM depth.

Fig. 2 shows the current time-magnitude distribution of the ISC-GEM Catalogue (1904-2017).

Catalogue Overview, Version 7.0, 9 April 2020

On the 9th of April 2020, the version 7.0 of the ISC-GEM Catalogue was publicly released. The release marked the end of the second year of the Advancement Project .
During this year we added to the catalogue a) over 3,400 earthquakes during 1980-1990 and 2016. About 1260 of those earthquakes are continental events with magnitude ≤ 5.5; b) ~270 source mechanisms (in form of moment tensors and/or fault planes) from the literature for earthquakes between 1908 and 1994. The list of publications used to retrieve direct seismic moments and source mechanisms is available at http://www.isc.ac.uk/iscgem/mw_bibliography.php.
We also improved the location and/or magnitude for 116 earthquakes as a result of the literature review (past and recent papers) and rebuild work (Storchak et al., 2017). Additional changes to the catalogue are listed in the update log.

Fig. 1 shows the ISC-GEM locations with symbols according to Agnew (2014) as obtained from the procedure described in Bondár et al. (2015). One feature that makes the ISC-GEM catalogue a unique product is that the locations are achieved by the same location technique and velocity model (ak135) and comes with uncertainties for each focal parameter.

Fig.1: map showing the earthquakes listed in the version 7.0 of the ISC-GEM catalogue (about 39,400 earthquakes, see Fig.2). The symbols are plotted according to Agnew (2014) and colour coded according to the ISC-GEM depth.

Fig. 2 shows the current time-magnitude distribution of the ISC-GEM Catalogue (1904-2016).

Fig. 2: Top: cumulative annual number of earthquakes with Mw ≥ 5.0 (black), Mw ≥ 5.5 (red), ≥ 6.5 (blue) and ≥ 7.5 (yellow); Bottom: time-magnitude distribution color-coded in cells of 0.1 units of Mw for each year of the ISC-GEM main catalogue. The earthquakes processed in 2016 exhibit the same distribution we can observe in recent years and add significant earthquakes to the catalogue. The biggest difference with previous versions occurs during 1980-1990, where, in the past versions, nearly no earthquake below Mw 5.5 was included. For comparison with the original version see Fig. 20 in Di Giacomo et al. (2015b), or Figure 25 in Di Giacomo et al. (2018) for the comparison with Version 5.0.

Catalogue Overview, Version 6.0, 7 March 2019

On the 7 of March 2019, the version 6.0 of the ISC-GEM Catalogue was publicly released. The release marked the end of the first year of the Advancement Project.
During this year we added to the catalogue a) 623 earthquakes that occurred in 2015 with magnitude 5.5 and above plus continental earthquakes with magnitude 5.0-5.5; b) 7012 earthquakes during the periods 1964-1979 and 2000-2014 that include both continental events with magnitude 5.0-5.5 and events around the magnitude cut-off threshold of 5.5 that were not selected before (i.e., earthquakes not included in the catalogue’s previous versions).
In addition, we expanded the catalogue files to include also the nodal planes for earthquakes with GCMT solution as well as source mechanism from the literature for those earthquakes with direct M0 from the bibliographic search of reliable seismic moments (see Lee and Engdahl, 2015). In total, we added 385 source mechanisms from the literature. The list of publications used to retrieve direct seismic moments and source mechanisms is available at http://www.isc.ac.uk/iscgem/mw_bibliography.php. Additional changes to the catalogue are listed in the update log.

Fig. 1 shows the ISC-GEM locations with symbols according to Agnew (2014) as obtained from the procedure described in Bondár et al. (2015). One feature that makes the ISC-GEM Catalogue a unique product is that the locations are achieved by the same location technique and velocity model (ak135) and comes with uncertainties for each focal parameter.

Fig.1: map showing the earthquakes listed in the version 6.0 of the ISC-GEM catalogue (more than 36,000 earthquakes, see Fig.2). The symbols are plotted according to Agnew (2014) and colour coded according to the ISC-GEM depth.

Fig. 2 shows the current time-magnitude distribution of the ISC-GEM Catalogue (1904-2015).

Fig. 2: Top: cumulative annual number of earthquakes with Mw ≥ 5.5 (red), ≥ 6.5 (blue) and ≥ 7.5 (yellow); Bottom: time-magnitude distribution color-coded in cells of 0.1 units of Mw for each year of the ISC-GEM main catalogue. The earthquakes processed in 2015 exhibit the same distribution we can observe in recent years and add significant earthquakes to the catalogue. The biggest difference with previous versions occurs during 1964-1979 and 2000-2014, where, in the past versions, nearly no earthquake below Mw 5.5 was included. For comparison with the original version see Fig. 20 in Di Giacomo et al. (2015b), or Figure 25 in Di Giacomo et al. (2018) for the comparison with Version 5.0.

Catalogue Overview, Version 5.0, 27 February 2018

On the 27 of February 2018, the version 5.0 of the ISC-GEM catalogue was publicly released. The release marked the end of the fourth year of the Extension Project. During this year we added to the catalogue a) 1110 earthquakes that occurred between 1904 and 1919 (i.e., earthquakes not included in the catalogue’s previous versions); b) 521 earthquakes with magnitude 5.5 and above that occurred in 2014.
To process earthquakes during 1904-1919 we digitized body wave arrival times as well as amplitudes and periods for various phases using a multitude of sources to allow relocation and magnitude re-computation (for this time period only MS) using the same approaches described in Di Giacomo et al. (2015a). Compared to the first catalogue’s release, for this version we were able to add amplitudes from printed station bulletins that were not available in the original ISC collection. The additional station bulletins were kindly provided from the personal collection of Prof. N. Ambraseys, British Geological Survey (BGS) collection, bulletins from the Geophysical Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences in Prague, the Geophysical Survey of the Russian Academy of Science in Obninsk and the University of Strasbourg (France). Such an enriched bulletin collection allowed us to add important surface wave amplitudes from different stations and to obtain for the first time MS for many historical earthquakes and to improve the MS for large earthquakes (MS>6.0) for earthquakes that were already listed in previous versions of the ISC-GEM catalogue.

Fig. 1 shows the ISC-GEM locations with symbols according to Agnew (2014) as obtained from the procedure described in Bondár et al. (2015). One feature that makes the ISC-GEM catalogue a unique product is that the locations (after 1903) are achieved by the same location technique and velocity model (ak135) and comes with uncertainties for each focal parameter.

Fig.1: map showing the earthquakes listed in the version 5.0 of the ISC-GEM catalogue (more than 28,000 earthquakes, see Fig.2). The symbols are plotted according to Agnew (2014) and colour coded according to the ISC-GEM depth.

Fig. 2 shows the current time-magnitude distribution of the ISC-GEM Catalogue (1904-2014).

Fig. 2: Top: cumulative annual number of earthquakes with Mw ≥ 5.5 (red), ≥ 6.5 (blue) and ≥ 7.5 (yellow); Bottom: time-magnitude distribution color-coded in cells of 0.1 units of Mw for each year of the ISC-GEM main catalogue. The earthquakes processed in 2014 exhibit the same distribution we can observe in recent years and add significant earthquakes to the catalogue. The biggest difference with previous versions occurs during 1904-1919, where, in the past versions, nearly no earthquake below Mw 7.5 was included. Both the time-frequency distribution and the annual number of events per year above 5.5 show, however, that in the 1904-1919 the ISC-GEM catalogue is not as complete as in the more recent decades. The shaded light grey areas highlight the years extended or added. For comparison with the original version, see Fig. 20 in Di Giacomo et al. (2015b).

Catalogue Overview, Version 4.0, 26 January 2017

On the 26 of January 2017, the version 4.0 of the ISC-GEM catalogue was publicly released. The release marked the end of the third year of the Extension Project. During this year we added to the catalogue a) earthquakes listed in the ISS with phase data and surface wave amplitude measurements that occurred between 1920 and 1934 (i.e., earthquakes not included in the catalogue’s previous versions); b) earthquakes with magnitude 5.5 and above that occurred in 2013.

To process earthquakes during 1920-1934 we digitized body wave arrival times as well as amplitudes and periods for various phases using a multitude of sources to allow relocation and magnitude re-computation (for this time period only MS) using the same approaches described in Di Giacomo et al. (2015a). Compared to the first catalogue’s release, for this version we were able to add amplitudes from printed station bulletins that were not available in the original ISC collection. The additional station bulletins were kindly provided from the personal collection of Prof. N. Ambraseys, British Geological Survey (BGS) collection, bulletins from the Geophysical Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences in Prague, the Geophysical Survey of the Russian Academy of Science in Obninsk and the University of Strasbourg (France). Such an enriched bulletin collection allowed us to add important surface wave amplitudes from different stations and to obtain for the first time MS for many historical earthquakes and also to improve the MS for large earthquakes (MS>6.0) for earthquakes that were already listed in previous versions of the ISC-GEM catalogue.

Fig. 1 shows the ISC-GEM locations with symbols according to Agnew (2014) as obtained from the procedure described in Bondár et al. (2015). One feature that makes the ISC-GEM catalogue a unique product is that the locations (after 1903) are achieved by the same location technique and velocity model (ak135) and comes with uncertainties for each focal parameter.

Fig.1: map showing the earthquakes listed in the version 4.0 of the ISC-GEM catalogue (more than 26,000 earthquakes, see Fig.2). The symbols are plotted according to Agnew (2014) and colour coded according to the ISC-GEM depth.

Fig. 2 shows the current time-magnitude distribution of the ISC-GEM Catalogue (1900-2013).

Fig. 2: Top: cumulative annual number of earthquakes with Mw ≥ 5.5 (red), ≥ 6.5 (blue) and ≥ 7.5 (yellow); Bottom: time-magnitude distribution color-coded in cells of 0.1 units of Mw for each year of the ISC-GEM main catalogue..

The earthquakes processed in 2013 exhibit the same distribution we can observe in recent years and add significant earthquakes to the catalogue. The biggest difference with previous versions occurs during 1920-1934, where, in the past versions, nearly no earthquake below Mw 6.1 was included. Both the time-frequency distribution and the annual number of events per year above 5.5 show, however, that in the 1920-1934 the ISC-GEM catalogue is not as complete as in the more recent decades. The dark shaded grey area before 1920 is the time period that will be processed in the remaining year of the Extension Project, the shaded light gray areas highlight the years extended or added. For comparison with the original version, see Fig. 20 in Di Giacomo et al. (2015b).

Catalogue Overview, Version 3.0, 28 January 2016

On the 28 of January 2016, the version 3.0 of the ISC-GEM catalogue was publicly released. The release marked the end of the second year of the Extension Project. During this year we added to the catalogue a) earthquakes listed in the ISS with phase data and surface wave amplitude measurements that occurred between 1935 and 1959 (i.e., earthquakes not included in the catalogue’s previous versions); b) earthquakes with magnitude 5.5 and above that occurred in 2012.

To process earthquakes during 1935-1959 we digitized body wave arrival times as well as amplitudes and periods for various phases using a multitude of sources to allow relocation and magnitude re-computation (for this time period only MS) using the same approaches described in Di Giacomo et al. (2015a). Compared to the first catalogue’s release, for this version we were able to add amplitudes from printed station bulletins that were not available in the original ISC collection. The additional station bulletins were kindly provided from the personal collection of Prof. N. Ambraseys, British Geological Survey (BGS) collection, bulletins from the Geophysical Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences in Prague, the Geophysical Survey of the Russian Academy of Science in Obninsk and the University of Strasbourg (France). Such an enriched bulletin collection allowed us to add important surface wave amplitudes from different stations and to obtain for the first time MS for many historical earthquakes and also to improve the MS for large earthquakes (MS>6.0) for earthquakes that were already listed in previous versions of the ISC-GEM catalogue.

Fig. 1 shows the ISC-GEM locations with symbols according to Agnew (2014) as obtained from the procedure described in Bondár et al. (2015). One feature that makes the ISC-GEM catalogue a unique product is that the locations (after 1903) are achieved by the same location technique and velocity model (ak135) and comes with uncertainties for each focal parameter.

Fig.1: map showing the earthquakes listed in the version 3.0 of the ISC-GEM catalogue (more than 24,000 earthquakes, see Fig.2). The symbols are plotted according to Agnew (2014) and colour coded according to the ISC-GEM depth.

Fig. 2 shows the current time-magnitude distribution of the ISC-GEM Catalogue (1900-2012).

Fig. 2: Top: cumulative annual number of earthquakes with Mw ≥ 5.5 (red), ≥ 6.5 (blue) and ≥ 7.5 (yellow); Bottom: time-magnitude distribution color-coded in cells of 0.1 units of Mw for each year of the ISC-GEM main catalogue. The shaded dark grey area before 1935 is the time period that will be processed in the remaining two years of the Extension Project, the shaded light gray area highlights the years extended in Version 3.0. For comparison with the original version, see Fig. 20 in Di Giacomo et al. (2015b).

The earthquakes processed in 2012 exhibit the same distribution we can observe in recent years and add significant earthquakes to the catalogue. The biggest difference with previous versions occurs during 1935-1949, where, in the past versions, nearly no earthquake below Mw 6.1 was included. Both the time-frequency distribution and the annual number of events per year above 5.5 show, however, that in the 1935-1959 the ISC-GEM catalogue is not as complete as in the more recent decades, especially for the 1940s due to data loss during World War II. The shaded area up to 1934 outlines the time period that will be processed in the next two years of the Extension Project.

Overview of the ISC-GEM Catalogue version 1.0, 31 Jan 2013

The following cut-off magnitudes were selected prior to the start of the project (Fig. 1) and were dictated by the time constraints and availability of funds:

• 1900-1917: M_s≥7.5 worldwide + smaller shallow events in stable continental areas
• 1918-1959: M_s≥6¼
• 1960-2009: M_s≥5.5

This Catalogue is unique because it contains homogeneous locations and magnitudes with estimates of uncertainty for the entire period 1900-2009 prepared, where possible, using uniform techniques. The Catalogue features:

• 110 years of ~20,000 re-located earthquake hypocentres & uncertainties, using original arrival time data and the same technique and velocity model described below;
• magnitudes expressed in M_w scale with uncertainties, based on seismic moment, where possible; proxy M_w were used in all other cases based on the newly developed empirical relationship with M_s and mb.

As can be seen from the Figure 2, the ISC-GEM catalogue features hypocentre solutions (after 1903) achieved by the same location technique and velocity model. It also greatly benefits from the earthquake size expressed in the same scale (M_w ) with only four approaches used to compute M_w values (Fig. 3).

Figure 2. The change in the view of global seismicity following the advent of the ISC-GEM Catalogue; comparisons are made against the best available solutions in the ISC database prior to the start of this project. Notably, all events in the ISC-GEM Catalogue after 1903 were relocated using the same technique and velocity model.	Figure 3. Improvement in homogeneity of the earthquake magnitude measurements; just four sources of MW determination in the ISC-GEM Catalogue compare favourably against a multitude of magnitude types, determination techniques and sources used in the Centennial Catalogue (Engdahl and Villaseñor, 2002).

---

Manual Data Entry

A massive effort was made to enter into the ISC database those parametric seismic data that were not electronically available (Table 1) prior to the beginning of this project:

• Arrival times, body and surface wave amplitudes and periods from the historical paper-based bulletins of high quality stations;
• Abe’s catalogue (1900-1903);
• Gutenberg Notepads (Abe’s adaptation) (1904-1917);
• BAAS Bulletin (1913-1917);
• ISS Bulletin (1918-1963);
• M₀ and M_w from selected reviewed scientific literature.

Table 1. Electronic availability of seismic parametric data prior to the start of the project.

Earthquake Relocation

We relocated every earthquake hypocentre (except a few in 1900-1903) using a two-stage process:

Stage 1: Earthquake depths are determined using the EHB technique (Engdahl, van der Hilst & Buland,1998) that features:

• a comprehensive analysis of near-event surface reflections off the earth surface inland and ocean bottom or water surface in the oceans;
• station patch corrections.

Stage 2: New ISC location algorithm (Bondár & Storchak, 2011) is used with earthquake depths fixed to those from EHB analysis:

• independent depth confirmation using depth phase stacking;
• more accurate epicentre locations due to correlated error structure taken into account (removes bias from uneven geometrical station configuration);
• all phases predicted by the ak135 velocity model are used to constrain hypocentres.

Figure 4. An example of improvement of previous event locations in the Fiji-Tonga-Kermadec region (left) as a result of this project is seen in much tighter clustering of events (right) illuminating specific tectonic features.

Earthquake Magnitudes

Figure 5. An Ms/Mw regression was developed during this project based on the wealth of recent GCMT Mw and ISC-GEM Ms magnitude determinations.

Each event in the Catalogue is characterised by a magnitude expressed in Mw scale with an uncertainty. Where possible we used Mw based on a reliable value of seismic moment: GCMT (1976-2009); Bibliographical search of scientific articles (1900-1979) that feature a reliable estimation of M0. Proxy Mw were used in all other cases (the majority), based on the newly developed empirical relationships (Fig. 5) with Ms and mb. All Ms and mb were re-computed using the original amplitude and period measurements. Notably, the main source of data for the first part of the 20th century, the ISS Bulletin, does not contain amplitude measurements or magnitude estimates. We had to source those from the original paper-based station and network bulletins stored in the ISC warehouse and other collections. We used the seismic wave amplitude and period data reported by the quality seismic stations that operated for long periods of time (Fig.6).

Figure 6. The map and the timeline of seismic stations for which additional data have been manually entered and used for computation of the M_s and mb magnitudes.

Overall global magnitude completeness

Figure 7. Magnitude frequency distribution of earthquakes in the ISC-GEM Catalogue within different periods of time.

Due to the comparatively small number of events in the Catalogue it is hard to assess magnitude completeness on a regional basis. On a global scale we observe a change of completeness Mc from 5.6 to 6.4 (Fig. 7) before and after 1964. This, of course, is a direct result of the change in the cut-off magnitude that, in turn, is related to the start of the ISC operations and the corresponding massive increase in parametric data availability. Seismicity rates for large (M>7.5-7.6) earthquakes are best assessed considering the entire time window. For moderate earthquakes the modern period is a better basis for magnitude-frequency studies. We suspect that a pronounced dip in the magnitude frequency curve at large magnitudes reflects the fact that the 110 year period is still not representative enough to account for statistics of very large earthquakes.